[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":606},["ShallowReactive",2],{"wiki-/wiki/linux/debian":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":597,"extension":598,"meta":599,"navigation":600,"path":601,"section":602,"seo":603,"stem":604,"__hash__":605},"wiki/wiki/linux/debian.md","Первые шаги на Debian 12",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":579},"minimark",[9,21,27,30,35,43,47,60,64,72,76,81,116,119,128,132,138,156,160,173,176,182,200,204,217,228,232,260,264,288,291,295,310,322,325,333,345,347,353,359,363,371,381,406,409,414,420,449,457,463,476,479,485,489,494,500,505,508,513,535,539,557,561,575],[10,11,12,16,17,20],"p",{},[13,14,15],"strong",{},"Время:"," 10 мин · ",[13,18,19],{},"Сложность:"," ★☆☆☆☆",[10,22,23,26],{},[13,24,25],{},"Подходит:"," ✓ Debian 12",[28,29],"hr",{},[31,32,34],"h2",{"id":33},"краткое-описание","Краткое описание",[10,36,37,38,42],{},"Debian 12 (Bookworm) — минималистичный дистрибутив: по умолчанию в нём нет ",[39,40,41],"code",{},"sudo",", меньше предустановленных пакетов, а системные умолчания более строгие. Эта инструкция доводит сервер до рабочего состояния.",[31,44,46],{"id":45},"когда-пригодится","Когда пригодится",[48,49,50,54,57],"ul",{},[51,52,53],"li",{},"Вы только что создали VPS с Debian 12",[51,55,56],{},"Вы хотите настроить чистую систему после переустановки",[51,58,59],{},"Вы пришли с Ubuntu и хотите понять отличия",[31,61,63],{"id":62},"что-понадобится","Что понадобится",[48,65,66,69],{},[51,67,68],{},"SSH-доступ к серверу под root",[51,70,71],{},"10 минут",[31,73,75],{"id":74},"пошаговая-инструкция","Пошаговая инструкция",[77,78,80],"h3",{"id":79},"_1-обновите-пакеты","1. Обновите пакеты",[82,83,88],"pre",{"className":84,"code":85,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","apt update && apt upgrade -y\n","bash","",[39,89,90],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,92,95,99,103,107,110,113],"span",{"class":93,"line":94},"line",1,[91,96,98],{"class":97},"sBMFI","apt",[91,100,102],{"class":101},"sfazB"," update",[91,104,106],{"class":105},"sMK4o"," &&",[91,108,109],{"class":97}," apt",[91,111,112],{"class":101}," upgrade",[91,114,115],{"class":101}," -y\n",[10,117,118],{},"После обновления перезагрузитесь, если обновилось ядро:",[82,120,122],{"className":84,"code":121,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"reboot\n",[39,123,124],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,125,126],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,127,121],{"class":97},[77,129,131],{"id":130},"_2-установите-sudo","2. Установите sudo",[10,133,134,135,137],{},"В отличие от Ubuntu, Debian не включает ",[39,136,41],{}," по умолчанию. Первые шаги выполняются под root.",[82,139,141],{"className":84,"code":140,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"apt install -y sudo\n",[39,142,143],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,144,145,147,150,153],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,146,98],{"class":97},[91,148,149],{"class":101}," install",[91,151,152],{"class":101}," -y",[91,154,155],{"class":101}," sudo\n",[77,157,159],{"id":158},"_3-создайте-пользователя","3. Создайте пользователя",[82,161,163],{"className":84,"code":162,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"adduser username\n",[39,164,165],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,166,167,170],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,168,169],{"class":97},"adduser",[91,171,172],{"class":101}," username\n",[10,174,175],{},"Команда запросит пароль и дополнительные поля (можно пропустить, нажимая Enter).",[10,177,178,179,181],{},"Добавьте пользователя в группу ",[39,180,41],{},":",[82,183,185],{"className":84,"code":184,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"usermod -aG sudo username\n",[39,186,187],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,188,189,192,195,198],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,190,191],{"class":97},"usermod",[91,193,194],{"class":101}," -aG",[91,196,197],{"class":101}," sudo",[91,199,172],{"class":101},[77,201,203],{"id":202},"_4-установите-часовой-пояс","4. Установите часовой пояс",[82,205,207],{"className":84,"code":206,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"dpkg-reconfigure tzdata\n",[39,208,209],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,210,211,214],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,212,213],{"class":97},"dpkg-reconfigure",[91,215,216],{"class":101}," tzdata\n",[10,218,219,220,223,224,227],{},"Выберите регион и город в интерактивном меню. Для Москвы: ",[39,221,222],{},"Europe"," → ",[39,225,226],{},"Moscow",".",[77,229,231],{"id":230},"_5-установите-базовые-утилиты-и-ufw","5. Установите базовые утилиты и UFW",[82,233,235],{"className":84,"code":234,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"apt install -y curl wget git htop ufw\n",[39,236,237],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,238,239,241,243,245,248,251,254,257],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,240,98],{"class":97},[91,242,149],{"class":101},[91,244,152],{"class":101},[91,246,247],{"class":101}," curl",[91,249,250],{"class":101}," wget",[91,252,253],{"class":101}," git",[91,255,256],{"class":101}," htop",[91,258,259],{"class":101}," ufw\n",[77,261,263],{"id":262},"_6-включите-файрвол","6. Включите файрвол",[82,265,267],{"className":84,"code":266,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"ufw allow ssh\nufw enable\n",[39,268,269,280],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,270,271,274,277],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,272,273],{"class":97},"ufw",[91,275,276],{"class":101}," allow",[91,278,279],{"class":101}," ssh\n",[91,281,283,285],{"class":93,"line":282},2,[91,284,273],{"class":97},[91,286,287],{"class":101}," enable\n",[10,289,290],{},"Сначала откройте порт SSH, затем включайте файрвол — иначе потеряете доступ к серверу.",[31,292,294],{"id":293},"проверка-результата","Проверка результата",[82,296,298],{"className":84,"code":297,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"systemctl status ufw\n",[39,299,300],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,301,302,305,308],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,303,304],{"class":97},"systemctl",[91,306,307],{"class":101}," status",[91,309,259],{"class":101},[82,311,313],{"className":84,"code":312,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"ufw status\n",[39,314,315],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,316,317,319],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,318,273],{"class":97},[91,320,321],{"class":101}," status\n",[10,323,324],{},"Пример вывода:",[82,326,331],{"className":327,"code":329,"language":330},[328],"language-text","Status: active\n\nTo                         Action      From\n--                         ------      ----\n22/tcp                     ALLOW       Anywhere\n","text",[39,332,329],{"__ignoreMap":87},[82,334,336],{"className":84,"code":335,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"id username\n",[39,337,338],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,339,340,343],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,341,342],{"class":97},"id",[91,344,172],{"class":101},[10,346,324],{},[82,348,351],{"className":349,"code":350,"language":330},[328],"uid=1001(username) gid=1001(username) groups=1001(username),27(sudo)\n",[39,352,350],{"__ignoreMap":87},[10,354,355,356,358],{},"Наличие группы ",[39,357,41],{}," подтверждает, что пользователь настроен верно.",[31,360,362],{"id":361},"возможные-ошибки","Возможные ошибки",[10,364,365],{},[13,366,367,370],{},[39,368,369],{},"sudo: command not found"," после логина под новым пользователем",[10,372,373,374,376,377,380],{},"Вы создали пользователя до установки ",[39,375,41],{},", или забыли выполнить ",[39,378,379],{},"usermod -aG sudo username",". Войдите под root и выполните:",[82,382,384],{"className":84,"code":383,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"apt install -y sudo\nusermod -aG sudo username\n",[39,385,386,396],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,387,388,390,392,394],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,389,98],{"class":97},[91,391,149],{"class":101},[91,393,152],{"class":101},[91,395,155],{"class":101},[91,397,398,400,402,404],{"class":93,"line":282},[91,399,191],{"class":97},[91,401,194],{"class":101},[91,403,197],{"class":101},[91,405,172],{"class":101},[10,407,408],{},"Затем перелогиньтесь под пользователем.",[10,410,411],{},[13,412,413],{},"Группа sudo не применяется",[10,415,416,417,419],{},"После ",[39,418,191],{}," изменения вступают в силу только при новом входе:",[82,421,423],{"className":84,"code":422,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"su - username\nsudo whoami\n# root\n",[39,424,425,435,442],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,426,427,430,433],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,428,429],{"class":97},"su",[91,431,432],{"class":101}," -",[91,434,172],{"class":101},[91,436,437,439],{"class":93,"line":282},[91,438,41],{"class":97},[91,440,441],{"class":101}," whoami\n",[91,443,445],{"class":93,"line":444},3,[91,446,448],{"class":447},"sHwdD","# root\n",[10,450,451],{},[13,452,453,456],{},[39,454,455],{},"apt update"," выдаёт ошибки GPG",[10,458,459,460,181],{},"На свежем Debian 12 иногда не хватает ключей для сторонних репозиториев. Для стандартных репозиториев Debian это редкость — проверьте ",[39,461,462],{},"/etc/apt/sources.list",[82,464,466],{"className":84,"code":465,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"cat /etc/apt/sources.list\n",[39,467,468],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,469,470,473],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,471,472],{"class":97},"cat",[91,474,475],{"class":101}," /etc/apt/sources.list\n",[10,477,478],{},"Там должна быть строка вида:",[82,480,483],{"className":481,"code":482,"language":330},[328],"deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main\n",[39,484,482],{"__ignoreMap":87},[31,486,488],{"id":487},"faq","FAQ",[10,490,491],{},[13,492,493],{},"В чём главное отличие Debian от Ubuntu?",[10,495,496,497,499],{},"Debian не устанавливает ",[39,498,41],{}," автоматически и не создаёт непривилегированного пользователя при установке. Система более минималистична: устанавливается только то, что вы явно запросили.",[10,501,502],{},[13,503,504],{},"Можно ли работать под root постоянно?",[10,506,507],{},"Технически можно, но это повышает риск случайной ошибки. Лучше создать отдельного пользователя с sudo.",[10,509,510],{},[13,511,512],{},"Как добавить ещё одного пользователя с sudo?",[82,514,516],{"className":84,"code":515,"language":86,"meta":87,"style":87},"adduser seconduser\nusermod -aG sudo seconduser\n",[39,517,518,525],{"__ignoreMap":87},[91,519,520,522],{"class":93,"line":94},[91,521,169],{"class":97},[91,523,524],{"class":101}," seconduser\n",[91,526,527,529,531,533],{"class":93,"line":282},[91,528,191],{"class":97},[91,530,194],{"class":101},[91,532,197],{"class":101},[91,534,524],{"class":101},[31,536,538],{"id":537},"полезные-ссылки","Полезные ссылки",[48,540,541,550],{},[51,542,543],{},[544,545,549],"a",{"href":546,"rel":547},"https://www.debian.org/doc/",[548],"nofollow","Документация Debian",[51,551,552],{},[544,553,556],{"href":554,"rel":555},"https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/",[548],"Debian Reference Manual",[31,558,560],{"id":559},"следующие-статьи","Следующие статьи",[48,562,563,569],{},[51,564,565],{},[544,566,568],{"href":567},"/wiki/linux/ssh","Настройка SSH-ключей",[51,570,571],{},[544,572,574],{"href":573},"/wiki/linux/firewall","Файрвол на Linux: обзор",[576,577,578],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":87,"searchDepth":282,"depth":282,"links":580},[581,582,583,584,592,593,594,595,596],{"id":33,"depth":282,"text":34},{"id":45,"depth":282,"text":46},{"id":62,"depth":282,"text":63},{"id":74,"depth":282,"text":75,"children":585},[586,587,588,589,590,591],{"id":79,"depth":444,"text":80},{"id":130,"depth":444,"text":131},{"id":158,"depth":444,"text":159},{"id":202,"depth":444,"text":203},{"id":230,"depth":444,"text":231},{"id":262,"depth":444,"text":263},{"id":293,"depth":282,"text":294},{"id":361,"depth":282,"text":362},{"id":487,"depth":282,"text":488},{"id":537,"depth":282,"text":538},{"id":559,"depth":282,"text":560},"Базовая настройка Debian 12 после первого подключения к VPS.","md",{},true,"/wiki/linux/debian","Linux",{"title":5,"description":597},"wiki/linux/debian","-W4J-_gi26xWGu8nlukKvQaQBaoqkR5SXEKGjNBrkXA",1788285517142]